Language and lying

I thought for a while that lying depended on the possibility of truth-telling. So it might, but there are other kinds of deception than lying - kinds which might depend only on the possibility of interpretation (and so on presenting behaviour designed to deceive).

There are deceptions in nature - the moth with eye patterns on its wings is not literally saying 'I am the face of a dangerous creature', although it has evolved the spots to sustain this deception.

But that's *our* explanation (interpretation), of course...